Carrington Events: The Biggest Solar Storm in History🌞

Extreme solar storms like the Carrington Event of 1859 can damage technology on Earth.

The Carrington Event was a massive solar storm that occurred in early September 1859, just a few months before the solar maximum in 1860.

In August 1859, astronomers around the world watched in amazement as the number of sunspots on the sun's disk grew. Among them was Richard Carrington, an amateur skywatcher in the small town of Redhill, near London in England.

On September 1, as Carrington was sketching sunspots, he was blinded by a sudden flash of light. Carrington described it as a "white flare" according to NASA spaceflight. The whole event lasted about five minutes.

The flare was a major Coronal Mass Ejection (CME), which is a burst of magnetized plasma from the Sun's upper atmosphere, the corona. In 17.6 hours, the CME traveled more than 90 million miles (150 million km) between the sun and Earth and unleashed its power on our planet. According to NASA spaceflight, CMEs typically take several days to reach Earth.

The day after Carrington observed the impressive flare, Earth experienced an unprecedented geomagnetic storm, with telegraph systems going haywire and auroral displays normally confined to polar latitudes being seen in the tropics, according to NASA Science.

Carrington put the two together and realized that the solar flares he saw were almost certainly the cause of this massive geomagneti.

c disturbance. This is an unprecedented connection, according to NASA Spaceflight. The solar storm of 1859 is now known as the Carrington Event in his honor.

The origin of space weather can be traced to changes in the sun's magnetic field, which cause dark patches or sunspots on its surface, according to NASA's Earth Observatory.

It is from these spots that solar flares, coronal mass ejections and other electromagnetic phenomena can arise with potentially dangerous consequences for our technological way of life.

Sunspot activity rises and falls on an 11-year cycle, and we are currently approaching the next solar maximum in 2025. So, now is a good time to see the worst of solar storms.

*WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE CARRINGTON EVENT?!

The Carrington Event triggered a massive geomagnetic storm that wreaked havoc on technology. The earth fell silent as telegraph communication around the world failed.

For many people around the world, this was their first time witnessing the aurora and had no idea what was making the sky brighter than usual. While some people believed that the end of the world had arrived, others started their day after hearing birds chirping, seeing clear skies, and believing that the sun was beginning to rise, There were reports of sparks shooting out of telegraph machines, operators being electrocuted, and papers catching fire from the sparks.

The striking aurora mesmerized skywatchers around the world as the polar light show went beyond the usual range. The northern lights (aurora borealis) were visible as far south as Cuba and Honolulu, Hawaii, while the southern lights (aurora australis) were visible as far north as Santiago, Chile, according to National Geographic.

For many people around the world, this was their first time witnessing the aurora and had no idea what was making the sky brighter than usual. While some people believed that the end of the world had arrived, others started their day after hearing birds chirping, seeing clear skies, and believing that the sun was beginning to rise.

*WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF A STORM LIKE THE CARRINGTON EVENT HAPPENED TODAY?

Although solar storms rarely pose a direct threat to human life, there is a risk that they could impact safety-critical systems through electromagnetic effects ranging from space-based communication services, navigation and weather forecasting to electrical power distribution at ground level, according to ESA's Space Weather Network Service.

It has been suggested that a storm the size of the Carrington event, if it happened today, could cause an internet apocalypse, taking many people and businesses offline. For this reason, the UK government lists severe space weather as one of the most serious natural hazards on its National Risk Register, and companies have contingency plans in place to deal with adverse events as long as they have sufficient warning about them.

Researchers from Lloyd's of London and the Atmospheric and Environmental Research Agency in the US estimate that today's Carrington-class event would result in losses of between $0.6 and $2.6 trillion in the US alone, according to NASA space flight.

*WHEN'S THE NEXT CARRINGTON EVENT?

Lucky for us, solar storms like the Carrington Event happen once every 500 years or so NOAA SciJunks. Although solar storms with half the intensity of a Carrington Event are more frequent, occurring every 50 years.

However, we can't be sure when the next Carrington-level event will occur because space weather is so difficult to predict.

Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Center analyze sunspot regions daily to assess the threat. They monitor and record changes in the size, number and position of sunspots to evaluate the likelihood of Earth-bound solar flares and/or CMEs from active regions. NASA also has a fleet of spacecraft known collectively as the Heliophysics Systems Observatory (HSO) designed to study the sun and its effects on the sun, the solar system, including space weather effects.

HSO consists of several heliospheric, geospace and planetary spacecraft that observe the sun and measure its activity. These include the Parker Solar Probe on a daring mission to "touch" the sun and ESA's Solar Orbiter which is seeing the sun's uncharted polar regions for the first time. ESA's Vigil mission, to be launched in mid-2020, is a dedicated solar weather forecasting mission. Vigil will monitor the sun from Lagrange Point 5, about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers) from Earth.

*ANOTHER MAJOR SOLAR STORM IN HISTORY

The largest CMEs can hold billions of tons of solar material and blast off from the sun at speeds of up to 3,000 kilometers per second, according to NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center. This material contains embedded magnetic fields, and it is these magnetic fields that can wreak havoc with the Earth's magnetic field when the two make contact.

We know this has been happening since time immemorial; a study reported in January 2022 revealed that a violent solar storm, which struck Earth 9,200 years ago, left radioactive particles in the ice deep under Greenland that are still present today, Live Science reported.

An earlier study, in 2020, showed that severe geomagnetic storms occurred in 42 of the previous 150 years much more frequently than previously thought.

According to NASA spaceflight, a solar storm of similar intensity to the Carrington Event hit Earth around 774 AD.

Source

LUCA : Common Ancestor 🦠

LUCA stands for "Last Universal Common Ancestor" This is a hypothetical organism that is believed to be the most recent common ancestor of all life forms on earth. LUCA is thought to have existed around 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, at a time when life was just beginning to emerge on our planet. Based on the idea that all life forms have a common ancestor. This means that all living organisms, from bacteria to humans, can trace their lineage back to LUCA.

In 1990, the formation of a phylogenetic tree linking all the major groups of living things, including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, returned to LUCA. It was created based on ribosomal RNA sequence data.

LUCA probably lived in an environment rich in water, used simple metabolic processes, and obtained energy from chemical reactions rather than sunlight. LUCA's genetic material may be RNA-based, because RNA is thought to be an earlier form of genetic material than DNA.

But research conducted in 2018 by the University of Bristol using a molecular clock model, found that data from 102 species with 29 common protein-coding genes, primarily ribosomes, only matched the probability that LUCA appeared within a time range of 0.001 to 0.043 billion years after the moon formation event. which is thought to have cleared the earth about 4.5 billion years ago.

In 2005, an evolutionary tree indicated horizontal gene transfer among branches, including a process of symbiogenesis for plastids and mitochondria (marked with colored lines), resulting in a network of interconnected links rather than the traditional tree shape.

This is the most generally accepted evolutionary tree, based on several molecular studies, having roots between the bacterial domain which is monophyletic and the group formed by Archaea and Eukaryota. Several small studies have directed roots into the Bacteria domain, particularly within the phylum Bacillota, or suggested that the phylum Chloroflexota (formerly known as Chloroflexi) was on the basis of a group with Archaea and Eukaryota, with the other bacteria forming a separate group.

Recent genomic analyzes support a two-domain system with the domains Archaea and Bacteria; in this view, Eukaryota originated from Archaea. As the lineage evolved from LUCA, with the general rule of AT/GC framework and twenty amino acid standards, horizontal gene transfer became possible and even common.

In 1998, Carl Woese proposed that no individual organism could be considered a LUCA, and that the genetic material of all modern organisms evolved through horizontal gene transfer among ancient communities of organisms. Some authors also agree that at the time of LUCA, there was a "complex collective genome," and horizontal gene transfer played an important role in the group's subsequent evolution. Nicolas Glansdorff states that "Of course, at that time LUCA did not live alone (like the African Eve herself), but together with many other organisms that are currently childless." available from all life domains," a "formal test" of universal ancestry was published.

Fundamental principles in biochemistry support the possibility that all organisms have a common ancestor. Although the test supports the existence of a single LUCA, this does not mean that LUCA ever existed alone: Rather, it is the only cell whose progeny survived beyond the Paleoarchean period, overriding the others.

LUCA is likely to have been the target of many viruses, being the ancestor of viruses that now use both domains as hosts. In addition, extensive viral development appears to have occurred before LUCA, due to the capsid protein structure in a "jelly-roll" pattern shared by viral RNA and DNA in all three domains of life. The LUCA virus is most likely a dsDNA virus belonging to the Duplodnaviria and Varidnaviria groups. Two other groups of single-stranded DNA viruses, namely Microviridae and Tubulavirales which belong to the Monodnaviria group, most likely infected a common ancestor of the last bacteria. The last common archaeal ancestor may have hosted the spindle-shaped virus. All of these could affect LUCA, but in this case, they must all have disappeared in the no longer existing host domain. In contrast, RNA viruses do not appear to be important parasites of LUCA, although some hypotheses might suggest that the virus started with RNA viruses that originated directly in the RNA world. However, by the time LUCA was alive, RNA viruses had probably lost competition with DNA viruses.

An evolutionary tree, as seen in a notebook by Charles Darwin circa July 1837, showing the presence of a common ancestor at the root (labeled "1").

Originally, the idea of a common ancestor of all life forms had existed for centuries. In the 19th century, Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace formulated the idea that all living things have a common ancestor.

An understanding of the genetic code and mechanisms of DNA replication helps understand how genetic information can be passed on from one generation to the next. In the 1970s, Carl Woese began using the analysis of amino acid and nucleotide sequences in genes to understand the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Woese identified differences in ribosomal RNA sequences, leading to the recognition that life could be divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.

The concept of LUCA started to become clearer as a result of intensive molecular research in the 1980s and beyond. Through deeper phylogenetic analysis, scientists have begun to construct a universal tree of life that attempts to describe the evolutionary relationships between all domains of life. This leads to the concept of the roots of the tree of life which raises the question of how LUCA might appear and survive. The development of genome sequencing technology allows in-depth comparisons between the genomes of organisms. Further analysis of horizontal gene transfer and common genetic codes among organisms provides new insights into how LUCA may have developed and maintained its life.

COSMOLGY TOPIC: Size comparison ♾️

[ “SUBATOMIC SCALE TO UNIVERSE SCALE ♾️”]

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1. Plank Lenght (1.616 x 10^-35 m)

The planck length is the smallest unit of length considered to have a physical meaning in current theoretical physics. The Planck length is about 1.616 x 10^-35 meters, or about 10 to the power minus 20 times the size of the proton. The Planck length concept is based on the principles of quantum mechanics and relativity, and was used in an attempt to combine the two theories into one consistent theory, known as the theory of quantum gravity.

2. Radius Schwarzschild Manusia (10^-25 m)

The Schwarzschild Radius is the distance from an object that has a certain mass, where if an object with the same or greater mass is within that distance, then no light or any object can escape from the very strong gravitational force and the object will be a black hole. The radius is named after the German mathematician Karl Schwarzschild who first calculated it in 1916 within the framework of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.

For a human with a mass of about 70 kg, the Schwarzschild radius is very small, which is about 1.03 x 10^-25 meters. That is, the human Schwarzschild radius which is equal to the average body mass is only very small and cannot be measured on a human scale. The greater the mass, the larger the Schwarzschild radius.

3. Neutrino (10^-24 m)

Neutrinos are subatomic particles that have no electric charge and are very small in mass. Neutrinos can be created in various physical processes such as in nuclear reactions or in reactions within the sun. Neutrinos can traverse matter very easily and are often difficult to detect. Because of this special property, neutrinos have many uses in physics, including research on stellar structure, elementary particles, and cosmology.

4. Top Quark (10^-22 m)

Top quark is one of six types of elementary particles or quarks that are included in the Standard Model of particle physics. The top quark has a very large mass, about 173 times that of the proton, which makes it one of the most difficult particles to produce and study in the laboratory. Top quarks can only be generated in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, and only last a very short time before decaying into other particles. The discovery of the top quark in 1995 is a landmark achievement in particle physics and has provided new insights into the fundamental nature of the universe.

5. High Energy Neutrino (1.5 x 10^-20 m)

High energy neutrino are neutrinos that have a very large kinetic energy, usually far greater than the energy emitted by cosmic rays that come from the interaction of particles in the Earth's atmosphere. High energy neutrinos can come from natural sources, such as supernova explosions or black holes, and also from physical processes in the laboratory, such as particle collisions at particle acceleration. Because of their weak interaction with matter, high energy neutrinos are very difficult to detect, but they can provide important information about powerful energy sources in the universe.

6. Bottom Quark (3 x 10^-20 m)

Also known as the B Quark or Beauty Quark, it is one of six types of quarks that make up the standard model of particle physics. Bottom quarks have a negative electric charge and are very heavy quarks, with a mass nearly five times that of a proton. Bottom quarks can be found in subatomic particles such as B mesons and B particles, and their role in particle physics is critical to understanding the interactions and properties of matter at the smallest scales.

7. Charm Quark (10^-19 m)

Also known as Quark c, is one of six types of quarks that are present in the standard model of particle physics. Charm quarks have a positive electric charge and are relatively heavy quarks, with a mass about 1.3 times that of the proton. Charm quarks can be found in subatomic particles such as D mesons and D particles, and their role in particle physics is critical to understanding the interactions and properties of matter at the smallest scales. The charm quark was also one of the first quarks to be discovered in 1974, and this discovery paved the way for further research into the nature of subatomic particles and their interactions.

8. Strange Quark (4 x 10^-19 m)

Any of the six types of elementary particles or "building blocks" of matter found in the Standard Model of Physics. This particle has a negative electric charge and has a large enough mass compared to other particles. Strange quarks are involved in the formation of more complex subatomic particles, such as hadrons (eg, kaon and lambda). The name "strange" comes from its unusual and unnatural properties when it was first discovered in nuclear physics experiments.

9. Up Quark (10^-18 m)

A type of elementary particle found in the atomic nucleus along with neutrons and other particles. Up quarks have a positive electric charge of 2/3 of the electron charge and have a very small mass. Up quarks usually combine with down quarks to form protons, one of the two types of particles that make up the atomic nucleus along with neutrons

10. Down Quark (10^-18 m)

One of six types of elementary particles included in the standard model of particle physics. These quarks have a negative electric charge one-third that of electrons and a very small mass. Down quarks are usually found in nucleons such as protons and neutrons, where a combination of other quarks, such as up quarks, are also present. This combination of quarks forms the atomic nucleus and gives the chemical and physical properties of the different elements.

11. Elektron (10^-18 m)

Elektron are subatomic particles that have a negative electric charge and revolve around the atomic nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons. Electrons are one of the basic components of matter and have a very small mass compared to protons and neutrons. Electrons are also important components in various physical and chemical phenomena, including in electrical conductivity and chemical reactions between atoms and molecules.

12. Neutron (1.6 x 10^-15 m)

Neutron is a subatomic particle that has no electric charge (neutral) and is present in the atomic nucleus along with protons. Neutrons have nearly the same mass as protons and both are referred to as nucleons. Neutrons have an important role in nuclear reactions and can be used in various applications such as in nuclear reactors, medical and industrial fields.

13. Protons (1.7 x 10^-15 m)

Protons are subatomic particles that have a positive charge and are one of the three main types of particles that make up atoms along with neutrons and electrons. Protons are located in the atomic nucleus and the number of protons in the atomic nucleus determines the type of chemical element that is formed. In chemical notation, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number.

14. Helium Nukleus (3.2 x 10^-15)

Also known as a helium nucleus or an alpha particle, is a subatomic particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons, forming the nucleus of a helium atom. The helium nucleus has a double positive charge and is one of four types of nuclear particles known to nuclear physics, along with protons, neutrons, and beta particles. Helium nuclei are often involved in nuclear reactions and can be released from atomic nuclei in radioactive processes.

15. Uranium Nukleus (10^-14 m)

Uranium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol U and atomic number 92. Uranium has a radioactive nucleus, meaning that its nucleus is unstable and can emit radiation particles such as alpha, beta, and gamma particles. Therefore, uranium is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy through controlled nuclear reactions. However, because of its radioactive nature, the use of uranium also requires special attention in terms of its processing, transportation and storage to avoid harmful radiation effects on humans and the environment.

16. Hydrogen Atom (0.05 nm)

The hydrogen atom is the simplest atom and consists of one proton and one electron. Protons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus of atoms, while electrons are negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus in orbits. The hydrogen atom is one of the most abundant elements in the universe and is often used as a model for studying the fundamental properties of atoms and molecules.

17. Carbon Atom (0.17 nm)

The carbon atom is the type of atom that has the atomic number 6 in the periodic table, which means it has 6 protons in its atomic nucleus. Carbon is a very important chemical element because it is able to form many organic compounds and is the basis for life on Earth. In organic compounds, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms, to form long carbon chains and various structures. Carbon also has many isotopes, including carbon-12 and carbon-14, which have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei.

18. Nitrogen Atom (0.17 nm)

Atomic nitrogen is an atom consisting of 7 subatomic particles, namely 7 electrons rotating around an atomic nucleus consisting of 7 protons and usually also containing 7 neutrons. The nitrogen atom is found in the periodic table with the symbol "N" and has an atomic number of 7, so it has 7 electrons and 7 protons in a neutral state. Nitrogen is a non-metallic gas that is very abundant in the earth's atmosphere, and is also an important component in organic molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA.

19. Oxygen Atom (0.18 nm)

Atomic oxygen is an atom consisting of eight electrons and eight protons, with atomic number 8 in the periodic table. Atomic oxygen is a very important element for life because it is involved in many chemical reactions and is the main component of water and various organic compounds. Atomic oxygen usually reacts with other atoms to form oxygen compounds such as molecular oxygen (O2) or inorganic compounds such as water (H2O).

20. Water Molekul (0.27 nm)

The water molecule is a molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, with the chemical formula H2O. It is a very important and common molecule in nature, found in all types of environments, from the atmosphere to the inside of living cells. Water molecules have unique properties such as the ability to form hydrogen bonds and a tendency to form structured networks, these properties allow them to play a role in a wide variety of biological and physical processes that are important to life and the environment.

21. Gold Atom (0.27 nm)

Gold atoms are atoms consisting of an atomic nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. A typical gold atom has an atomic number of 79, meaning it contains 79 protons in its atomic nucleus. Gold atoms have unique chemical and physical properties, and are very important in a variety of applications, including electronics, catalysis, and medicine.

22. Ethanol Molecule (0.5 nm)

The ethanol molecule is an organic chemical compound consisting of two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, which is characterized by the chemical formula C2H5OH. Ethanol is often found in alcoholic beverages and is used in the production of alternative fuels such as bioethanol. The ethanol molecule is a polar compound, has a boiling point of 78 degrees Celsius, and can be oxidized to acetaldehyde or acetic acid in the human body.

23. Francium Atom (0.56 nm)

Francium is a chemical element in the periodic table with the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It is a highly reactive and radioactive alkaline element with a very short half-life. Due to a lack of stable isotopes, francium is extremely rare in nature and can only be produced by nuclear reactions. Francium is a very dangerous element due to its strong ionizing radiation and should not be handled by non-professionals or without suitable equipment.

24. DNA (2 nm)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a long, winding ladder-like molecule that stores the genetic information in almost all living things. DNA consists of four types of nucleic acids, namely adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) which are arranged in a certain order which forms a unique genetic code in each individual. DNA is usually found in the nucleus of cells and is formed by base pairing between two strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA plays an important role in regulating cellular activity and the inheritance of traits from generation to generation.

25. Parvovirus (20 nm)

Parvovirus is a small group of viruses that can infect a wide variety of animal species, including humans. In humans, parvovirus can cause the skin disorder erythema infectiosum, or better known as the "fifth disease", which is characterized by a red rash on the face, arms and legs. In dogs, parvovirus can cause a serious and deadly illness called parvo disease, which is characterized by severe diarrhea, vomiting and severe dehydration.

26. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 virus (90 nm)

COVID-19 stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019, which is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This virus first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread rapidly around the world. COVID-19 can spread from person to person through airborne droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through contact with surfaces contaminated with the virus. Symptoms of COVID-19 vary from mild to severe, and include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue and sore throat. Handling COVID-19 includes implementing health protocols such as maintaining social distance, using masks, washing hands, self-isolation for those who are infected, and administering vaccines.

27. Bacteriophage (200 nm)

Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria by infecting and replicating themselves within the bacterial cell. This virus has a capsid-like shape (outer shell) which contains genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA. When a virus infects a bacterium, it attaches to the surface of the bacterial cell and inserts its genetic material into the bacterial cell to replicate itself. After replicating themselves, the virus leaves the bacterial cell and damages it, resulting in the death of the bacteria. Bacteriophages were discovered in 1915 by scientists Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herelle. This virus has potential as an alternative to antibiotics in treating drug-resistant bacterial infections.

28. Variola Virus (400 nm)

Variola virus is the virus that causes smallpox, also known as smallpox in English. This disease is spread through the air and is highly contagious. Smallpox is usually characterized by a skin rash filled with fluid-filled blisters, fever, and headache. Although smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, the variola virus is still kept in laboratories for research purposes and possible use in bioterrorism.

29. MimiVirus (400 nm)

MimiVirus is a large group of viruses discovered in 2003 in coastal waters of Chile. This virus has unique and complex genetics, and has a very large size for the size of the virus, so it was named "Mimi" which means "grandmother" in French. MimiVirus can infect amoeba cells and other organisms, and is considered a new example of virus evolution.

30. E. Coli Bacteria (2 μm)

E. coli (Escherichia coli) is a type of Gram-negative bacteria normally found in the intestines of humans and animals. Most types of E. coli do not cause health problems, but some types of E. coli can cause serious infections in humans, such as urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and blood infections. Some types of E. coli can also produce toxins that can cause serious illnesses, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HU). E. coli is also used as a model organism in biology and genetics research because it is easy to find and study.

31. Red Blood Cell (8 μm)

Red blood cells or erythrocytes are a type of blood cell whose function is to transport oxygen from the lungs throughout the body and carry carbon dioxide from all over the body to the lungs to be removed from the body. Red blood cells have a round, disc-like shape with a thinner center than the edges so they can pass easily through smaller blood vessels. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin which functions as a binding site for oxygen and carbon dioxide. A shortage of red blood cells can cause anemia, a condition in which the body doesn't have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.

32. White Blood Cell (12 μm)

White blood cells or leukocytes, are a type of blood cell that function in the immune system to protect the body from infection and disease. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and are distributed throughout the body, including in the blood and lymphatic tissue. White blood cells have the ability to recognize, attack and destroy microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, as well as abnormal cells in the body, such as cancer cells. There are several different types of white blood cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, each of which has a specific role in the immune system.

33. Skin Cell (30 μm)

Skin cells are a type of cell found in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) of humans and animals. Skin cells have an important role in maintaining the health and beauty of the skin, such as forming a protective layer, regulating body temperature, and producing the pigment melanin which determines skin color. Skin cells continue to undergo a regular process of renewal and replacement in a cycle known as skin regeneration

34. Pollen (50 μm)

Pollen are tiny granules produced by the male organs (stamen) in flowering plants. These tiny grains contain the male plant genetic material needed to fertilize the female organs (pistils) on the same or other plants. Pollen can also be an allergen for humans and animals, especially during the spring season when the pollen is dispersed in the air and inhaled by people who are sensitive to allergens.

35. Human Egg/Ovum (100 μm)

Human eggs or ova are female reproductive cells produced by the ovaries in the female reproductive system. After ovulation, namely the release of the ovum from the ovary, the ovum can be fertilized by sperm if sexual intercourse occurs, and will develop into an embryo that will later become a fetus.

36. Human Hair (180 μm)

No need to explain, this is our hair.

37. Grain Of Salt (500 μm)

It's the size of a grain of salt

38. Thiomargarita Namibiensis (700 μm)

Thiomagarita Namibiensis is a single-celled bacterium found on the seabed off the coast of Namibia, Africa. This bacterium has a large size, reaching up to 0.75 mm or the equivalent of 700 micrometers in diameter, making it the largest bacteria ever found. Thiomagarita Namibiensis lives in a very sulfate-rich environment and obtains energy by oxidizing sulfates to sulfides. These bacteria can also colonize with very large numbers of individuals and form polymeric bonds over a period of time. This bacterial life can be an important part of the basic food chain on the seafloor and have an important role in changing the marine environment.

39. Ant (4 mm)

The size of a tiny insect, an ant.

40. Schwarzschild Radius Of Earth (1.78 cm)

The Earth has a Schwarzschild radius the size of a marble.

41. Chicken Egg (5 cm)

Don't like throwing chicken eggs!

42. Cat (46 cm)

Very cute animals ^^ cats.

43. 1 Meter (1m)

Length measurement in the metric system (SI).

44. Human (1,8m)

The average height of a human. How tall are you?

45. White Shark (5m)

Frightening white shark.

46. Thyrannosaurus Rex (13m)

Tyrannosaurus Rex (T-Rex) was a carnivorous dinosaur that lived approximately 68-66 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous in North America. T-Rex is the largest and most famous dinosaur with a large head, powerful jaws, sharp teeth and relatively short arms. Reaching 12-13 meters long and about 6 meters high, T-Rex was an apex predator that could run at speeds of up to 40 miles per hour and hunted prey such as Triceratops and Hadrosaurus. T-Rex became extinct along with the other dinosaurs about 66 million years ago as a result of a cataclysm called the K-Pg or Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

47. Spinasaurus (16m)

Spinosaurus is a genus of carnivorous dinosaur that lived approximately 112-97 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, and is characterized by a back covered with bones forming a "triangle" or "parallelogram". Spinosaurus is considered to be one of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs that ever lived on Earth, reaching a length of around 12-18 meters. It also has a distinctive "sail" on its back which is believed to regulate body temperature and provide intimidating displays to predators and rivals.

48. Blue Whale (30m)

Such a big fish! Blue whale.

49. 99942 Apophis (370m)

99942 Apophis is an asteroid discovered in 2004 and named after the Ancient Egyptian god of chaos and destruction. This asteroid is of world concern because in 2029, it is expected to pass Earth at a very close distance, much closer than the satellites orbiting Earth. Although this asteroid will not crash into Earth at that time, this event is still a cause for concern as it could affect its future orbit and potentially threaten Earth in 2068. Therefore, scientists are continuously monitoring the motion of this asteroid and developing strategies to avoid a collision if necessary in the future.

50. 101955 Benu (500m)

101955 Bennu is an asteroid that has an orbit around the Sun in the near-Earth asteroid region (NEA). This asteroid was first discovered in 1999 and became the goal of the OSIRIS-REx space probe launched by NASA in 2016 to learn more about this asteroid and bring samples of material from its surface back to Earth.

51. Aegaeon (1,4km)

Aegaeon adalah salah satu satelit alami planet Saturnus. Satelit ini ditemukan pada tahun 2008 oleh tim astronom dari Universitas Hawaii. Aegaeon bergerak mengelilingi Saturnus dalam orbit yang sangat dekat dengan cincin F planet tersebut. Satelit ini dinamai berdasarkan tokoh dalam mitologi Yunani kuno yang dikaitkan dengan laut dan lautan.

52. Schwarzschild Radius Of Sun (5,8km)

The distance of the sun's Schwarzschild radius.

53. Kerberos (12km)

Kerberos is a satellite of the dwarf planet Pluto in the solar system

54. Deimos (15km)

Mars' natural satellite.

55. Lich Pulsar (20km)

The Lich Pulsar is a cosmic phenomenon that occurs when a pulsar, which is a very small and very fast rotating neutron star, interacts with a companion star and forms a collection of very dense and gravitational matter. This collection of matter produces a very strong gravitational field, so it can affect objects around it, including nearby stars and gases. The Lich Pulsar is considered one of the most extreme objects in the universe and plays an important role in understanding the basic physics and evolution of stars.

56. Lich Pulsar (20km)

The Lich Pulsar is a cosmic phenomenon that occurs when a pulsar, which is a very small and very fast rotating neutron star, interacts with a companion star and forms a collection of very dense and gravitational matter. This collection of matter produces a very strong gravitational field, so it can affect objects around it, including nearby stars and gases. The Lich Pulsar is considered one of the most extreme objects in the universe and plays an important role in understanding the basic physics and evolution of stars.

57. Phobos (27km)

It is also a natural satellite of Mars, larger than Deimos

58. Nix (42 km)

Pluto's natural satellite.

59. Hydra (55 km)

It is also one of Pluto's natural satellites.

60. Prometheus (119 km)

Saturn's natural satellite.

61. Mimas (396 km)

It is also one of the natural satellites of the Planet Saturn.

62. Enceladus (504 km)

It turns out that there are many natural satellites of the planet Saturn, yes, more than 80 satellites orbiting Saturn.

63. Varuna (654 km)

Varuna is a celestial body in the Solar System which is a dwarf planet, also known as the "dwarf planet" or "dwarf planet". Varuna was discovered in 2000 by a team of astronomers led by Robert McMillan at the Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, United States.

64. Ceres (950 km)

Ceres is a dwarf planet located in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Ceres has a diameter of about 940 km, making it the largest dwarf planet in the asteroid belt and also the first largest object to be discovered in the asteroid belt. Ceres was first discovered in 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi and named after the Roman goddess of agriculture Ceres. Ceres has a diverse surface, including craters, volcanoes, and perhaps even subsurface water ice. Ceres has also become an interesting object of study for scientists because it is thought to have some features in common with planets like Earth, such as having a crust and mantle.

65. Sedna (995 km)

Sedna is a trans-Neptunian celestial object that is shaped like a solid, oval or elongated oval. Sedna was discovered in 2003 by a group of astronomers from the Palomar Observatory and has been identified as a dwarf planet, although there is some debate among scientists regarding its classification.

66. Charon (1.214 km)

Charon is a natural satellite of the dwarf planet Pluto in our solar system. Charon was discovered in 1978 by a group of astronomers at the United States Naval Observatory.

67. Pluto (2.370 km)

Pluto is a dwarf planet located in outer space and is the second largest object in the Kuiper belt after Eris. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh and is the farthest planet from the Sun in our solar system. But this planet has lost its status as a planet, because it doesn't meet the requirements of a planet.

68. Triton (2.707 km)

Neptune's natural satellite.

69. Europa (3.121 km)

Jupiter's natural satellite.

70. The Moon (3.474 km)

Month! Earth's natural satellite that we usually see at night, or morning too?

71. Io (3.643 km)

Jupiter's natural satellite.

72. Callisto (4.820 km)

As the name suggests, it is a beautiful natural satellite of Jupiter.

73. Mercury (4.880 km)

Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and is the closest planet to the sun. Mercury has a diameter of about 4,880 kilometers and is only about a third the size of Earth. This planet has an orbital period of about 88 days, so it only takes less than 3 months to go around the sun once. Mercury also has a very thin atmosphere and has no natural satellites. Due to its proximity to the sun, Mercury's surface temperature can reach up to 430 degrees Celsius during the day and drop to minus 180 degrees Celsius at night.

74. Titan (5.150 km)

Not Titan in the anime AOT. But this is Titan, its natural satellite of the planet Saturn.

75. Ganymade (5.268 km)

Jupiter's natural satellite.

76. Mars (6.778 km)

Mars! The Red Planet

77. Sirius B (11.700 km)

The star Sirius b is a white dwarf located in the Sirius star system, which is one of the closest stars to Earth. The star Sirius B orbits the main star Sirius A, and the two form a double star system.

78. Venus (12.104 km)

Venus! The morning star.

79. Earth (12.742 km)

Earth! Where we live.

80. 55 Cancri e (25.000 km)

55 Cancri e is an exoplanet located about 40 light years from Earth, in the 55 Cancri star system. This exoplanet was discovered in 2004 and has a mass about 8 times that of Earth and about twice the diameter of Earth. 55 Cancri e is also notable for having a very short orbit, only about 18 hours. Due to its proximity to its star, the surface of this planet is believed to have a very high temperature and is not suitable for life as we know it.

81. Neptune (49. 244 km)

Neptune! Farthest planet.

82. Uranus (50.724 km)

Uranus! Cold planet.

83. Saturnus (16.464 km)

Saturn! Married planet, because it has a ring. LOL

84. Jupiter (139.822 km)

Jupiter! You could say it's a pity, because he never failed to become a star.

85. Proxima Centauri (214.500 km)

Proxima Centauri is the closest star to Earth after the Sun. This star is located about 4.24 light years from Earth and is part of a triple star system called Alpha Centauri. Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star that has a mass of about 0.12 times that of the Sun and a luminosity of only about 0.0017 times that of the Sun. Although Proxima Centauri is very small and dim, it has become of great interest to scientists because an Earth-like planet has been found around it, called Proxima Centauri b. This planet was discovered in 2016 and has a mass of about 1.3 times the mass of Earth and is in the habitable zone, which is the area around the star that allows liquid water to exist on its surface.

86. Distance Earth - Moon (384.000 km)

The distance between the earth and the moon.

87. GQ Luppi B (420.000 km)

GQ Luppi B is an astronomical object that is a companion star to GQ Luppi A, a young star located about 450 light years from Earth in the constellation Lupus. GQ Luppi B itself is located about 108 astronomical units from GQ Luppi A, or about 108 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun. This object was first detected in 2005 and is considered to be a T Tauri star, a young star that is still in its formation stage and is still undergoing gravitational contraction. GQ Luppi B is also known as component B of the GQ Luppi binary system.

88. HD 100546 b (965.000 km)

HD 100546 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 100546, located about 320 light years from Earth, in the constellation Musca. HD 100546 b was discovered in 2014 by a team of astronomers using direct imaging methods with the VLT (Very Large Telescope) telescope at the Paranal Observatory, Chile. HD 100546 b is a large and very young planet, about 2 million years old. The planet is estimated to be about 6 to 10 times the mass of Jupiter and to be about 6.5 AU (astronomical unit) from its star, which is farther than Jupiter's average distance from our Sun.

89. The Sun (1.392.684 km)

The Sun! The center of our Solar System.

90. Sirius A (2.380.000 km)

The primary star of the double star cluster is Sirius A/B.

91. Pollux (12.000.000 km)

The star Pollux is a bright star located in the constellation Gemini (known as the "twin" because it consists of two stars that are close together). The star Pollux is a red giant located about 34 light years from Earth, with an apparent magnitude of about +1.14, making it one of the brightest stars that is easily visible in the night sky. The name "Pollux" originates from ancient Greek mythology, where Pollux was one of two twin brothers (the other being Castor) mentioned in legend as a skilled horseman and brave sea hero.

92. Sagitarius a (25.400.000 km)

Sagittarius A* (often written Sagittarius A*) is a supermassive black hole located at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The name "Sagittarius" comes from the constellation Sagittarius, in which this black hole is located.

93. Arcturus (36.000.000 km)

Arcturus is an orange giant star located about 36.7 light years from Earth, in the constellation Bootes. Arcturus is one of the brightest stars in the night sky and is often used as a reference star in navigation and astronomy. This star has an apparent magnitude of about -0.05, making it brighter than other well-known constellations like Vega and Sirius. Arcturus has a greater mass than the Sun and is one of the most recognizable and observable stars in the night sky.

94. Polaris (60.000.000 km)

Polaris is a bright star in the constellation Ursa Minor (Queen of the Poles) which is also known as the North Star or North Pole. Polaris is an important star in navigation because it is almost directly above the Earth's axis of rotation. Therefore, Polaris is used as a benchmark in determining the direction of north when traveling on land or sea.

95. Rigel (110.000.000 km)

Rigel is a star located in the constellation Orion. Rigel has an apparent magnitude of about 0.18, making it one of the brightest stars in the night sky. In addition, Rigel is also known as a double star, which consists of two stars with a relatively large mass and are located quite close to each other. Rigel is also one of the most famous stars among astronomers because of its brightness and easy location in the night sky.

96. Earth's Orbit (300.000.000 km)

The area of ​​the earth's orbit

97. Deneb (280.000.000 km)

The star Deneb is one of the brightest and most interesting stars in the night sky. Deneb is a blue-white giant star located in the constellation Cygnus (Swan Star), and is one of the brightest stars that is easily visible in the night sky. Deneb's star has an apparent magnitude of about 1.25, which means it is one of the brightest stars that can be easily seen by the naked eye on a clear night. Deneb is also included in the list of the most distant stars visible to the naked eye, due to its estimated distance of about 2,600 light years from Earth.

98. Pistol Star (420.000.000 km)

Pistol Star is a supergiant star located about 25,000 light years from Earth, in the Quintuplet star cluster at the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy. Pistol Star has a mass of about 100 times that of the Sun and is estimated to produce about 10 million times more energy than the Sun.

99. Antares (950.000.000 km)

The star Antares is a red supergiant star located about 550 light years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius. The star Antares has an apparent magnitude of about 0.96, making it one of the brightest stars in the night sky. The name "Antares" is of Greek origin and means "rival of Ares" (Ares is the god of war in Greek mythology). The star Antares is also known as the "Heart of Scorpius" because of its position in the center of the constellation Scorpius, which is the astrological representation of a scorpion. The star Antares is about 700 times larger in diameter than the Sun and is one of the most massive stars known in the Milky Way Galaxy.

100. UY Scuti (1.100.000.000 km)

The star UY Scuti is one of the largest known stars in the universe. This star is located about 9,500 light years from Earth and is part of the constellation Scutum. UY Scuti has a radius of about 1,700 times that of the Sun, and is about 30 times as massive as the Sun. Due to its enormous size, this star radiates enormous energy and shines very brightly. However, because of its great distance and the radiation it emits, it is invisible to the naked eye and can only be observed with the aid of powerful telescopes.

101. Betelgeuse (1.230.000.000 km)

This is not a witch with the nickname of the lazy who likes to bite the finger. But this is the star Betelgeuse, a red giant star located in the constellation Orion (Orion constellation). This star is about 1,400 times larger in diameter than the Sun and about 20 times more massive than the Sun. Betelgeuse has a low surface temperature, which is around 3,500 degrees Celsius, so it tends to look reddish. This star is one of the brightest stars in the night sky and can be easily seen with the naked eye. Betelgeuse is also notable for its status as a red supergiant star that has the potential to explode as a supernova in the relatively near future (on an astronomical time scale). This makes Betelgeuse an object of interest to astronomers and sky watchers.

102. VY Canis Majoris (2.000.000.000 km)

Vy Canis Majoris is a red supergiant star located about 3,900 light years from Earth in the constellation Canis Major. This star has a diameter of about 1,800 times that of the Sun and a mass of about 20 times that of the Sun. Vy Canis Majoris is considered one of the largest known stars in the universe, and if placed at the center of our solar system, it would exceed the orbit of Mars. Due to its large mass and size, this star also has a very high luminosity, reaching around 500,000 times brighter than the Sun. Vy Canis Majoris is expected to go supernova at some point in the not too distant future, although it is not known when that will happen.

103. Stephenson 2-18 (3.000.000.000 km)

Stephenson 2-18 is a red hypergiant star located about 18,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Cassiopeia. This star is one of the brightest stars known in the Milky Way galaxy, with a luminosity about 2.5 million times brighter than the Sun. It is also very large, estimated to be about 1,500 times larger than the Sun. Stephenson's star 3 18 is considered one of the most massive stars ever discovered, with a mass about 40 times that of the Sun. Due to its extremely high brightness, this star can only be observed with very large and sensitive telescopes. Nonetheless, this star has become the focus of study by astronomers in understanding how supermassive stars form and interact with their surroundings.

104. Neptune's Orbit (9.000.000.000 km)

Neptune's orbit area.

105. Light-Day (25.920.000.000 km)

The distance of one day at the speed of light.

106. Sedna's Orbit (150.000.000.000 km)

Trans object orbit area - Neptune's

107. Ton 618 (390.000.000.000 km)/0,04 ly(Light Year)

Ton 618 is a supermassive quartzr located about 10 billion light years from Earth in the constellation Canes Venatici. It has a mass about 66 billion times that of the Sun, making it one of the most massive objects in the known universe. In addition, Ton 618 also has a luminosity of about 140 trillion times brighter than the Sun, making it one of the brightest known objects in the universe.

108. Stigrey Nebula (800.000.000.000 km)/0,08 ly(Light Year)

The Sting Nebula is a planetary nebula located in the constellation Ara, about 18,000 light years from Earth. This nebula is called "Stingray" because it has a shape that resembles the body of a stingray. This nebula is also known as Henize 3-1357

109. Cat's Eye Nebula (2.500.000.000.000 km)/0.26 ly(Light Year)

The Cat's Eye Nebula is a planetary nebula located about 3,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Draco. This nebula is known as NGC 6543. This nebula is called "Cat's Eye" because it has a shape that resembles a cat's eye.

110. Light-Year/ly(9.460.800.000.000 km)

One year the speed of light has such a distance.

111. Oort Could (1,6 yl)

The Oort Cloud is a region located at the edge of the Solar System which is estimated to be about 2,000 to 100,000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. The Oort Cloud is named after the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort who first proposed the existence of this region in the 1950s.

112. Distance Earth - Proxima Centauri (4,24 ly)

The distance between Earth and the star Proxima Centauri.

113. Pillar Of Creation (5 ly)

The Pillars of Creation are a cloud of gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula located about 6,500 light years from Earth, in the constellation Serpens. This structure consists of three giant pillars of gas and dust, which formed from a cold molecular cloud and was discovered by the Hubble Telescope in 1995.

114. Orion Nebula (24 ly)

The Orion Nebula, also known as Messier 42 or M42, is a bright nebula located in the constellation Orion. This nebula can be seen with the naked eye under dark sky conditions, and is one of the most famous and easily observable celestial objects.

115. Eagle Nebula (70 ly)

The Eagle Nebula, also known as Messier 16 or M16, is a bright nebula located in the constellation Serpens. This nebula is notable for the pillar-shaped structures of gas and dust found within it, which are also known as the Pillars of Creation.

116. Barnard's Loop (300 ly)

Barnard's Loop is a nebula structure located in the constellation Orion. It is part of the Orion nebula complex which is located about 1,600 light years from Earth. Barnard's Loop is a large structure that forms a circular arc in the sky, and can be seen to the naked eye as a thin, hazy area around Orion. Barnard's Loop is named after the American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard, who discovered it in 1894.

117. Tarantula Nebula (932 ly)

The Tarantula Nebula also known as 30 Doradus, is a giant nebula located in the constellation Dorado in the Milky Way. This nebula is one of the brightest and largest objects in space, with a size of about 650 light years and located about 180,000 light years from Earth. The Tarantula Nebula contains many young stars and is located near the center of the star cluster known as NGC 2070. This nebula is notable for having many interesting features, including several young star clusters, a complex nebula and gas that illuminates it with bright colors. The Tarantula Nebula also has a number of interesting phenomena such as supernovae, Wolf-Rayet stars and pulsars. These nebulae are often studied by astronomers to understand star formation and the evolution of galaxies.

118. NGC 604 (1.500 yl)

NGC 604 is one of the largest and brightest nebulae in the constellation Triangulum. This nebula is located about 2.7 million light years from Earth and is part of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). NGC 604 is located near the galactic center and is estimated to be about 3 million years old, making it one of the largest and brightest known nebulae relatively close to Earth.

117. Small Magelanic Cloud (7.000)

Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is a satellite galaxy located near the Milky Way Galaxy. The SMC is located about 200,000 light years from Earth and has a size of about 7,000 light years in total. This galaxy was discovered by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, in the 16th century during his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean.

118. Large Magelanic Cloud (14.000 ly)

Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a satellite galaxy located near the Milky Way Galaxy. This galaxy was discovered by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the 16th century during his voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The LMC is located about 160,000 light years from Earth and has a diameter of about 14,000 light years.

119. Sun And Solar System Orbit (50.000 ly)

The sun and the orbit area of ​​the Solar System.

120. Sombrero Galaxy (50.000 ly)

The Sombrero Galaxy also known as M104, is a spiral galaxy located about 28 million light years from Earth, in the constellation Virgo. This galaxy is known for its distinctive sombrero shape, with a very bright core and a thin spiral disk that radiates outward from the galactic core.

121. Milky Way (100.000 ly)

Milkyway Galaxy. We are here!

123. Andromeda Galaxy (220.000 ly)

Neighboring galaxy.

124. Condor Galaxy (522.000 ly)

The Condor galaxy is "Centaurus A" (also known as NGC 5128), an elliptical galaxy located approximately 12 million light years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus.

125. Distance Milky Way - Andromeda Galaxy (2.500.000 ly)

The distance between our galaxy and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy.

126. IC 1101 (5.800.000 ly)

IC 1101 is a giant elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Virgo, about 320 million light years from Earth. This galaxy has an estimated mass of 100 trillion times that of the Sun, and is considered one of the largest known galaxies

127. Local Group Galaksi (10.000.000 ly)

The Local Group of Galaxies is a small group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy (M31) as well as more than 50 smaller satellite galaxies such as the Large and Lesser Magellanic Galaxies, the Triangulum Galaxy, and the smaller elliptical galaxies. . This group is located about 10 million light years from Earth, and is surrounded by intergalactic space.

128. Virgo Supercluster (110.000.000 ly)

The Virgo Supercluster is a large group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and over a thousand other galaxies. The supercluster is located about 110 million light years from Earth, and has a diameter of about 110 million light years.

129 Laniakea (550.000.000 ly)

Laniakea is a supercluster of galaxies that contains the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies, as well as thousands of other galaxies. This supercluster has a diameter of about 550 million light years, and has a mass of about 10^17 times that of the Sun.

130. Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex (1.000.000.000 ly)

The Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex is a large group of galactic superclusters that includes several superclusters, including the Perseus-Pisces Supercluster, the Pavo-Indus Supercluster, and the Cetus Supercluster. This complex consists of hundreds of thousands of galaxies and has a diameter of about 300 million light years.

131. Sloan Great Wall (1.380.000.000 ly)

The Sloan Great Wall is a huge and complex cosmic structure consisting of a large group of interconnected galaxies. This structure was discovered in 2003 by a team of astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, who used redshift measurement data from galaxies in the universe to map the larger cosmic structures.

132. Distance Milky Way - Hubble Deeb Field.

The distance between the Milky Way and the deepest Hubble Field. The Hubble Deep Field (HDF) is a telescopic image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1995. This image was taken by pointing the HST at an empty area of the sky near the constellation Ursa Major. After collecting data for 10 days, HST produced images showing more than 3,000 galaxies at various distances, including some that lie beyond the farthest boundaries of previous observations.

133. Observabel Universe (93.000.000.000 ly)

The Observable Universe is that part of the universe that can be observed from Earth or wherever we are in this universe. This concept is based on the fact that it takes time for light and electromagnetic signals generated by objects in the universe to reach us. Thus, we can only observe that part of the universe that has existed long enough to emit the light or signal that has reached us so far.

134. Cosmos ( ∞/how?)

Cosmos (Greek: κόσμος) is a term that refers to the entire universe, which includes heavenly bodies such as planets, stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and other cosmic matter. The cosmos includes all objects in the universe, both observable and non-observable.

The term cosmos is often used in the context of cosmology, which is the branch of science that studies the origin, structure and evolution of the universe. Cosmology tries to answer the big questions about the universe, such as how the universe was formed, how the celestial bodies were formed, and how the universe will evolve in the future.

Cosmos can also refer to the entire world we live in, including the earth and all life on it. This term is often used in philosophy and literature to denote the complex and beautiful whole of the universe and our being in it.

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COSMOLOGY TOPIC: Dark Matter ⚫

Dark matter is invisible and non-electromagnetic matter. Dark matter is invisible because it does not absorb, produce, or scatter light. Dark matter is also not electromagnetic because it does not interact with electromagnetic fields. Dark matter is known to exist because of the gravitational influence it has.

Most of the mass in the universe is believed to be in this form. Determining the nature of dark matter is also known as the dark matter problem or the loss of mass problem, and is one of the important problems in modern cosmology.

The question of the existence of dark matter may seem irrelevant to our existence on earth. However, the presence or absence of this dark matter can determine the ultimate destiny of the universe. We know that now the universe is expanding because light from distant celestial bodies shows a redshift. The amount of ordinary matter seen in the universe is not enough to make gravity stop expansion, and thus expansion would continue forever without dark matter. In principle, a sufficient amount of dark matter in the universe could cause the expansion of the universe to stop, or vice versa (which eventually leads to the Big Crunch). In practice, it is now widely assumed that the motions of the universe are dominated by the other components.

It is estimated that 84.5% of the matter in the universe and 26.8% of the entire contents of the universe is dark matter.

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[ “COMPOSITION & STRUCTURE 💧” ]

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The composition of dark matter varies, but in general, dark matter is divided into two types, namely dark matter and weakly interacting dark matter. Dark matter is matter that is not electromagnetic and does not interact with other matter. Weakly interacting dark matter is matter that interacts with other matter through weak interactions.

The structure of dark matter also varies. Dark matter can be particles, such as WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) particles or axion particles. WIMP particles are particles that interact with other matter through weak interactions. Axion particles are particles that interact with electromagnetic fields. Dark matter can also be black stars, namely stars that do not produce light.

An example of dark matter is WIMP particles. WIMP particles are particles that interact with other matter through weak interactions. An example of weakly interacting dark matter is the axion particle. Axion particles are particles that interact with electromagnetic fields.

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[ "PROCESS FORMED 🛠️" ]

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Dark Matter is the stuff that makes it possible for the universe to keep its shape. This is due to the gravitational force exerted by large amounts of dark matter. However, until recently, dark matter was unknown and could not be observed directly.

The process of formation of dark matter began when the Big Bang occurred several million years ago. After the initial explosion occurred, the cloud of objects that formed from the Big Bang was affected by gravity, attracting objects to one another. Over long periods of time, this causes stars, galaxies, and even superclusters to form.

When these objects move, they create gravitational waves known as "dark matter". Dark matter is a large mass of invisible subatomic particles that do not react with light or electricity. However, dark matter can be sensed through gravity, which allows dark matter to provide the gravitational supply needed to maintain the shape of the universe.

Dark matter is also involved in the process of the entire evolution of the universe. This can affect the shape of galaxies and cause galaxies to combine with one another to form. Dark matter also causes galaxies to rotate faster than anything else. This contributed to the growth in the complexity of the universe as a whole.

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[ “HISTORY 📖” ]

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Dark matter or Dark Matter, in general, is defined as matter that exists in the universe that cannot be seen, but is a very important material because it is related to the evolution of the universe.

The history of dark matter discovery dates back to the 1930s with Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss and American astronomer who noted that galaxies shaped like the latitude Virgo were moving faster than expected, and concluded that there were solutions other than visible mass. In 1933, he introduced the term dark matter to describe this. In the 1970s, Vera Rubin, an American astronomer, identified evidence for the phenomenon serupa on other spiral galaxies and came to the conclusion that dark matter must be causing the galaxy's velocity to exceed the expected limit. This is a starting point that is being used to learn more about these dark elements.

Various observations have been made since then to study and find out more about dark matter and finally in 2006, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) confirmed that dark matter is a real thing in the universe and that radiant heat waves are also associated with both elements. Finally, in 2017, a team of experts at the International Gravity Observatory (LIGO), announced that they had successfully detected a gravitational wave signal associated with the collapse of a heavy binary system created by gravitational action between dark matter and ordinary matter.

This is a short history of the discovery of dark matter, but there is still much that is not understood about how dark matter in the universe works and interacts with ordinary matter. Astronomer and physicists are still eager to learn and find out more about this phenomenon.

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[ “SUMMARY 📖” ]

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• Dark matter is material in the universe that cannot be seen.

• Dark meter can be detected due to the interaction between gravity and the surrounding matter.

• Dark matter is thought to be the material that keeps the shape of the universe.

• 26.8% of the universe's contents are dark matter.

• Dark meters do not have electromagnetic properties because they do not interact with electromagnetic fields.

• WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) particles or axion particles are the basic structure of dark meter.

• WIMP particles are weakly interacting particles.

• Axion particles are particles that interact with electromagnetic fields.

• An example of dark matter is WIMP particles.

• Dark meter was formed when the Big Bang phenomenon occurred, which is several millions of years.

• Dark meter is created when objects formed from the Big Bang move and create gravitational waves, which are known as "dark meters".

• Dark meter contributes to the growth of the universe.

• Dark meter was first introduced by astronomers from Switzerland as well as America since the 1930s, namely Fritz Zwicky.

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COSMOLOGY TOPIC: Black Hole ⚫

Black holes are very powerful astrophysical objects, which have such strong gravity that even light cannot escape from them. They can be formed by enormous suns that have reached the end of their lives and have collapsed in on themselves.

A black hole can be defined as an object that has a very large mass and very strong gravity. The mass of a black hole can be the mass of the sun, the mass of a star or even the mass of a galaxy. The black hole's gravity is so strong that not even light can escape from it.

Black holes have three main characteristics. First, black holes have an event horizon, which is the point at which the black hole's gravity becomes so strong that not even light can escape it. Second, black holes have a singularity, which is the point at which the black hole's mass becomes so great that there is no more space around it. Third, black holes have accretion disks, which are disks formed from material that drops into the black hole.

Black holes can be found throughout the universe, and they can interact with other stars and galaxies. They can also affect the flow of light and matter around them.

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[“TYPES OF BLACKHOLE ⚫” ]

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Blackholes can be divided into several types, namely:

1. Black Blackhole: Black blackhole is the most common type of blackhole. This is a black hole that has a very large mass and very strong gravity. Black black holes can't give off light or radiation, so they can't be seen directly.

2. White Blackhole: White blackhole is a rarer type of blackhole. These are black holes which have less mass and weaker gravity. White black holes can give off light and radiation, so they can be seen directly.

3. Supermassive blackhole: Supermassive blackhole is the heaviest and most powerful type of blackhole. This is a black hole that has a very large mass and very strong gravity. Supermassive black holes can give off light and radiation, so they can be seen directly.

4. Mini blackhole: Mini blackhole is the lightest and weakest type of blackhole. These are black holes that have very little mass and very weak gravity. Mini black holes can't give off light or radiation, so they can't be seen directly.

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[ “FORMATION PROCESS 🛠️” ]

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Black holes are astrophysical objects that have attracted a lot of attention. Black holes are very powerful and problematic objects that can destroy objects that fall into them. Black holes can form in many ways, including from the collapse of stars, the collapse of gas clouds, and the collapse of other bodies.

The formation of black holes begins with the collapse of stars. Large, old stars can experience gravitational collapse, which means that they experience a drop in pressure and contract. When the star shrinks, the star's mass becomes greater and gravity becomes stronger. Eventually, the star will become very compact and produce a black hole.

The collapse of gas clouds can also produce black holes. Very large and problematic gas clouds can experience gravitational collapse. When the gas cloud shrinks, the mass of the gas cloud becomes greater and gravity becomes stronger. Eventually, the gas cloud will become very compact and produce a black hole.

In addition, other objects can also produce black holes. When highly problematic objects experience gravitational collapse, the masses of those objects become greater and gravity becomes stronger. Eventually, these objects will become very compact and produce a black hole.

Overall, black holes can form in a number of ways, including from the collapse of stars, the collapse of gas clouds, and the collapse of other bodies. The process of black hole formation begins with gravitational collapse, in which objects become more mass and gravity becomes stronger. Eventually, these objects will become very compact and produce a black hole.

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["DEATH PROCESS 💀"]

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Black holes are astrophysical objects that have attracted a lot of attention. Black holes are objects with very strong gravity that can block even light. Black holes can be divided into two types based on their mass, namely small black holes (Stellar Mass Black Holes) and large black holes (Supermassive Black Holes).

The process of black hole death begins when the black hole reaches the end point of its life. A black hole that is small in size will take a long time to die. This is because of the black hole small-sized le have a very long life span. Small black holes will experience the Hawking Radiation process, in which the particles contained in the black hole will release energy and move out of the black hole. This process will continue until the black hole reaches the end of its life.

Meanwhile, large black holes will die faster than small black holes. Large black holes will experience a process called Merging. This process occurs when two large black holes collide and merge into one. This process will produce radiation called Gravitational Wave. This radiation will spread throughout space and time.

After the merging process is complete, the black hole will disappear and leave only a few particles called Hawking Radiation. These particles will release energy and move out of the black hole. This process will continue until the black hole completely disappears.

The death of a black hole is a very complex process and takes a long time. However, this process is important for understanding how the universe evolves and changes.

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[ “FORMULATION ➗” ]

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The Blackhole formula or equation initiated by Stephen Hawking is an equation that describes the physical properties of a black hole. This equation combines the general theory of relativity with quantum mechanics to explain how black holes absorb and emit radiation.

This equation explains how black holes can absorb matter and radiation, and how matter and radiation can leave the black hole.

This equation also explains how black holes can change their shape and how black holes can spread. This equation describes how black holes can dissipate energy and mass, and how black holes can dissipate.

This equation also explains how black holes can interact with other matter around them.

This equation also explains how black holes can produce Hawking radiation.

The Blackhole Entropy formula written by Stephen Hawking is:

Blackhole entropy = 4πkc3A/ℏG,

where k is the Boltzmann constant, c is the speed of light, A is the surface area of the black hole, ℏ is the Planck constant, and G is the gravitational constant.

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[“OBSERVATION RESULTS 🔭” ]

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Black holes or black holes are very interesting and frightening astrophysical objects. It is a very strong object that can attract other objects into it. Black holes can be seen with telescopes and have been found all over the universe.

Observations of black holes have revealed a lot about how black holes function. One of the most important findings is that black holes produce radiation called Hawking radiation. This radiation consists of particles that move out of the black hole, which causes the black hole to radiate energy outward.

Observations also show that black holes can come in a variety of sizes. Some black holes can be as large as stars, while others can be as large as galaxies.

Observations also show that black holes can have a wide range of masses. Some black holes can have a very large mass, while others can have a much smaller mass.

Observations also show that black holes can have varying degrees of speed. Some black holes can move at high speeds, while others can move at lower speeds.

Observations also show that black holes can have different types of orbits. Some black holes can move in stable orbits, while others can move in unstable orbits.

Observations also show that black holes can have a wide variety of brightness levels. Some black holes can emit very bright light, while others can emit a fainter light.

Observations also show that black holes can have many different levels of gravity. Some black holes can have very strong gravity, while others can have weaker gravity.

Observations also show that black holes can have different types of pressure levels. Some black holes can have very high pressure, while others can have lower pressure.

Observations also show that black holes can have a wide variety of temperature levels. Some black holes can have very high temperatures, while others can have lower temperatures.

Observations also show that black holes can have many different energy levels. Some black holes can have very high energies, while others can have lower energy.

Observations also show that black holes can have different levels of magnetism. Some black holes can have very strong magnetism, while others can have weaker magnetism.

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[ “HISTORY 📖” ]

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Black holes are astronomical objects that have attracted a lot of attention since the 18th century. The discovery of black holes is first credited to John Michell, a British physicist, who wrote about the concept of black holes in 1783. Michell suggested that there are very heavy stars that can attract other objects with such a strong gravitational force that objects it cannot escape.

In 1915, Albert Einstein developed the General Theory of Relativity, which explains that gravity is a result of the geometry of space-time. This theory suggests that very heavy stars can create black holes, which are called dwarf black holes.

In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild used his General Theory of Relativity to calculate a mathematical solution for black holes. This solution explains that black holes have a boundary called an event horizon, beyond which not even light can escape.

In 1967, Stephen Hawking developed a theory which suggested that black holes could emit radiation. This theory is called the Hawking Radiation Theory.

In 1971, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose showed that black holes are the result of the collapse of very heavy stars.

In 1974, Stephen Hawking suggested that black holes can not only swallow things up, but also release them.

In 1979, Stephen Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein showed that black holes have entropy, indicating that black holes have thermodynamic properties.

In 1993, Astronomers have found empirical evidence for a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.

In 2019, astronomers have found empirical evidence for black holes that are outside galaxies.

In 2020, astronomers have found empirical evidence for black holes that are outside galaxies that are larger than any previously discovered.

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[ “SUMMARY 📖” ]

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• Black holes or black holes are gravitational anomalous objects in the universe that have very strong gravity, so strong that even light cannot escape.

• Blackhole has three main parts, namely event horizon, singularity, and accretion disk.

• Black holes cannot be seen directly, but can be seen from the interaction of the surrounding matter.

• Blackhole has 4 types. Namely, black black holes, white black holes (still hypothetical), supermassive black holes, and mini black holes.

• Black holes are formed when dead stars collapse into their own core.

• Large black holes will die faster than small black holes. Small black holes will experience the Hawking Radiation process, and large black holes will experience the Gravitation Wave process when they reach the end point of their life.

• The process of black hole death takes a long time and is quite complex.

• The structure of a black hole consists of compact matter, namely protons, neutrons and electrons and other particles.

• The temperature in the event horizon is very hot, while in the core of the black hole the temperature is very cold.

• Observations from black holes study how black holes work, function, and react with surrounding objects.

• The black hole equation is:

   Entropy = 4πkc3A/hG

   This equation was initiated by Stephen Hawking.

• Black holes were first discovered by British physicist John Michell in 1783.

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