Quantum Mechanics is a branch of modern physics that explains the behavior of atomic and subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, etc. It is a physical theory used to explain observations at the small-scale particle level.
Quantum mechanics is based on the principles of quantum explanation, which involves calculating probabilities in describing the properties of microscopic objects. The principle states that subatomic particles will not move in a defined way in time and space, but will display behavior that cannot be predicted with certainty. In other words, particles can sometimes move around in strange and uncertain ways. It is based on the superposition principle whereby two conditions can simultaneously occur in the universe.
The behavior of these particles can only be estimated using complex mathematical equations.
Theoretically, Quantum Mechanics offers an explanation of the properties of subatomic particles in nature, from the attractions between electrons and atomic nuclei, to larger molecular behaviors.
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[ "ATOM ⚛️" ]
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The atom is one of the smallest and lightest structural units of matter discovered by John Dalton in 1808. The atom is the core of all matter in the universe. Life, as we know, cannot exist without atoms. Atom is one of the chemical elements. In general, an atom can be divided into three parts: the nucleus, electrons and neutrons.
The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons contained in the atomic nucleus. The nucleus of this atom has a positive electric charge, thus attracting electrons towards the nucleus. Protons have a positive electric charge while neutrons have no electric charge at all. Therefore, the atomic nucleus is surrounded by a large part of matter called electrons. Electrons can move freely around the atomic nucleus and move through orbits known as electron layers. The electron density can change from layer to layer.
Neutrons are another part of the atom. They are located in the atomic nucleus and provide stability to the atom. Neutrons have the same mass as protons but have no electric charge.
Atoms contain a different number of protons and neutrons. Based on the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus, atoms are classified as chemical elements and are given names. Different chemical elements have different atomic structure characteristics which are major factors in states of matter, such as electrolysis, chemical reactions, and more.
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[ "FORMULATION ➗" ]
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Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that studies the properties of elementary particles and how they interact. Using mathematical equations to describe the behavior of these particles, quantum mechanics is studied in universities for theoretical purposes and practical applications such as building quantum computers.
Quantum mechanics formulas are mathematical equations used to describe the behavior of elementary particles (such as electrons) on the atomic scale. The equations of quantum mechanics combine the concept of the wave function with the concept of potential energy as a way to predict particle behavior.
When quantum mechanics is applied to atomic particles such as electrons, the equation is called the Schrodinger equation. The Schrodinger equation states that each electron in an atom can be described by a ψ wave function which is determined by the energy state, and is expressed as:
iℏ∂/∂t Ψ(r,t) = HΨ(r,t),
where i is the Imaginary Unit Number, ℏ is the Dirac Constant, Ψ is the Quantum Wavefunction, r is the Space Coordinate, t is Time, and H is the Hamiltonian of the System (the operator that describes the total energy).
This equation also states that every wave function is probabilistic. For example, the energy of a particle may be one certain value with a certain probability, or it may shift to another energy value with another probability. Thus, the Schrodinger equation illustrates a key point of quantum mechanics, which is that a state of uncertainty is one way to describe the behavior of a particle.
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[ "JOHN DALTON 👨🏻🔬" ]
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John Dalton was an English chemist, physicist and philosopher who was born on 6 September 1766 in Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England. He is the son of a merchant and builder. He received his basic education at home by his father and then continued his education at Kendal Free Grammar School. He developed various theories relating to chemistry and thermochemistry and studied such matters as air pressure, the density of liquids, and changes in temperature. The most important clue in his work is his atomic theory ng claimed that all matter was composed of indivisible atoms.
He also developed the gas theory and discovered that atoms could form compounds. This atomic theory became the basis for modern chemistry. In an effort to understand the composition of various compounds, he combined atoms of different colors and shapes in what he called the "Dalton configuration". He also discovered that the environmental impact on liquids is the same and can be determined by different combinations of atoms. He received various awards for his work and received the abstract of Manchester Chess Student in 1802.
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[ "HISTORY 📖" ]
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Quantum mechanics is one of the most important branches of physics and has never been touched upon in the history of physics. The history of quantum mechanics begins in 1900 when Max Planck investigated the emission of intense radiation from light by a black body. This effort resulted in a relation known as Planck's Law of Radiation, which is a key assumption of quantum mechanics.
1905 was the year that shaped the history of quantum mechanics. In his essay, Albert Einstein concluded that light could be viewed as consisting of discrete "quanta". This theory was then significantly developed by a German physicist named Niels Bohr. He studied Planck's law and concluded that atomic energy is a quantity that can be expressed in integer form.
Furthermore, in 1924, Louis de Broglie put forward his hypothesis known as Ondulator Dualism, which says that all particles can be treated as waves. The photoelectric effect associated with light particles is also considered as proof of quantum mechanics.
The concept of overall quantum mechanics was then introduced, in 1925, by Heisenberg. He discovered the uncertainty principle which states that we cannot know the state of a binary with absolute precision.
In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger became known for his wave mechanics theory known as the Schrödinger wave equation. This equation opens the opportunity to reveal a better concept of quantum mechanics and explain the relationship between energy and particles.
In 1927, Wolfgang Pauli completed quantum theory by introducing the Pauli restriction principle, which stipulates that no two positively or negatively charged particles will have the same attraction or repulsion in space.
In 1930, Werner Heisenberg wrote his book entitled "The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory". This book describes modern quantum mechanics in vivid detail.
In 1932, Enrico Fermi developed a theory of the growth and decay of neutrons which is now known as the Fermi theory. He also introduced the Fermi–Dirac rule to make it easier to calculate the Schrödinger equation for multi-electron atoms.
In 1935, P.A.M. Dirac introduced Heisenberg's uncertainty precision and relativistic quantum theory. Energy saving and quantitative momentum rather than wave or discrete particle representations are valued as the keys to quantum mechanics.
Since then, quantum mechanics has evolved significantly and is widely studied today.
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[ "SUMMARY 📑" ]
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• Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that explains the behavior of subatomic particles and quantum phenomena. It uses quantum principles to explain physical phenomena that cannot be explained by classical mechanics.
• Atom is the smallest unit of matter that can be found in nature. Atoms consist of an atomic nucleus which contains protons+ and neutrons+/-, as well as electrons- which revolve around the nucleus.
• John Dalton was an English chemist and physicist born in 1766. He is known for his theory of the atom, which became the basis for modern chemistry. He also developed gas theory and color theory.
• The Quantum Mechanics formula is the Schrodinger equation, which is written as:
iℏ∂/∂t Ψ(r,t) = HΨ(r,t),
• Max Planck is a German physicist known as one of the founders of quantum theory. He is also the founder of Quantum Physics and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. He is also one of the important figures in the modern physics revolution.
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